Curved, S-shaped or seagull-wing-shaped appearance in Gram staining and positive urease, oxidase and catalase tests were defined as H. In-house nested PCR assay was used to detect H. DNA extraction was performed by the phenol-chloroform method. Results were evaluated in terms of the presence of first-step amplification bp product and second-step amplification bp product with a UV transilluminator Vilber Lourmat, France.
The samples were evaluated for H. Ten minutes after administration of the capsule, the patients exhaled into breath cartridge Heliprobe Breathcard, Sweden for five minutes until the color changed from orange to yellow.
The cartridge was placed in an analyzer Heliprobe-analyzer, Sweden and activity count was performed for sec. The labeled CO2 collected in the cartridge was expressed as counts per min cpm. The result was calculated automatically by the device and graded as grades 0, 1, and 2. The detection of H. Negative results in both culture and histopathology were accepted as H. The age range of the patients 85 females The mean ages of female and male patients were Of the male patients, 38 There was no significant difference between female and male patients in terms of H.
Patients with H. The most frequent endoscopic diagnosis was antral gastritis Table 1. Pylori positivity was determined in Of the patients included in the study, positive results were obtained in 56 Of patients, H. A significant difference was found between the culture method and the gold standard in terms of the rate of H. While H.
No significant difference was found between the histopathological examination and the gold standard in terms of the rate of H. No significant difference was found between the rapid urease test and the gold standard in terms of the rate of H. No significant difference was found between the urea breath test and the gold standard in terms of the rate of H.
No significant difference was found between the PCR method and the gold standard in terms of the rate of H. In addition, anti-H. Of the patients in whom anti- H. The excitement beginning with isolation of H. The association of gastric cancer, one the most frequent causes of death worldwide, with a treatable etiological factor have led to a profound impact on the researchers in the field of gastro-oncology and brought the Nobel Prize to the researchers who isolated the bacteria and proved its association with gastric diseases Ozden, ; Marshall and Warren, The earlier the infection starts, the risk of complications associated with H.
Accurate and suitable diagnosis and treatment of this infection affecting human health to such a serious extent, deteriorating quality of life of all age groups, and even causing death is of importance. For this purpose, many diagnostic methods have been developed and some of them have been implemented in practice.
Each method has both advantages and disadvantages due to different reasons such as discomfort to patients, side effects, costs, duration of the tests, workforce, and requirements of special conditions. In the recent consensus reports, the use of noninvasive methods, particularly urea breath test and fecal antigen tests, have been suggested for the detection and treatment of H. The use of invasive methods requiring endoscopic biopsy has been suggested in the presence of alarm symptoms namely epigastric pain, severe vomiting, unexplained weight loss, unexplained anemia , in subjects over the age of 45 years, in case of impossibility to eradicate the bacteria despite treatment, and in the presence of family history of gastric cancer Ozden, ; Mitchell and Megraud, ;Ellidokuz et al.
Histopathology among invasive methods and urea breath test and ELISA among noninvasive methods are the most frequently used methods in the world and in Turkey Ozden, ; Dunn et al.
In the studies evaluating diagnostic methods for H. Gold standard is determined by the combined use invasive methods, particularly culture and histopathology, in some studies, whereas gold standard is determined by the use of rapid urease test together with these methods in some other studies Laheij et al.
When the gold standard tests in our study were taken into consideration, H. In addition, H. In addition to high seroprevalence rates of H. As the sensitivity of culture method for the detection of H.
The use of culture together with other tests in order to monitor antimicrobial resistance patterns is beneficial in terms of directing treatment particularly in populations in which drug resistance is high Baglan et al. In the present study, the culture method had the lowest sensitivity with a rate of Of patients, growth was observed in culture in 79 patients, whereas no growth was observed in culture in 47 patients.
Of the 47 culture-negative patients, H. Of the culture-negative histopathology-positive 37 patients, the other tests except for histopathology were positive in 17 patients, whereas rapid urease test was negative in 9 patients in whom culture results were also negative. In addition to inaccurate sampling due to patchy localization pattern which is observed in all invasive tests, the false negative results observed in the H. Because of all these reasons, the sensitivity of culture method to detect H.
As the bacteria transforms to coccoid forms in in-vitro conditions, growth in culture is not observed, although enzyme activities and histopathological findings are positive. In their study, She et al. When endoscopy is performed on the patients who are treated after the diagnostic test but in whom symptoms do not regress, obtaining biopsy specimens for sensitivity and culture tests in addition to histopathological examination appears to be the best suitable approach Asaka, ; Thamer et al.
Since histopathological examination is based on direct observation of bacteria in the samples by means of stains, it is a method with a high sensitivity and specificity rates Wong et al. In our study, histopathological examination was evaluated as a gold standard together with culture. It was found to be the test with the second highest sensitivity after urea breath test. The sensitivity and specificity of histopathological examination were calculated to be In the study performed by Vinette et al.
In their study Kobayashi et al. False negative results for the histopathological examination were considered to depend on patchy localization pattern of the bacteria in the gastric epithelium. As rapid urease test is based on biopsy, it has been accepted as a gold standard test together with culture or histopathology in many studies Laheij et al. In addition to being cost-effective, rapid urease test has some advantages such as not requiring special conditions and providing results in a short period of time within one hour Dunn et al.
In the present study, H. The sensitivity, specificity and PPV of the rapid urease test were found to be No significant difference was determined between the rapid urease test and gold standard in terms of the rates of H.
Two of the three false-positive results were also determined to be positive by urea breath test. Since both tests are based on urease enzyme, it was considered that this result could be due to the contamination by other bacteria producing urease. In their study, Brandi et al. Polymerase chain reaction technique can be used for the determination of diagnosis and antibiotic sensitivity to detect bacteria and resistant genes.
In addition, it can be used to detect genetic differences among H. In the present study, nested PCR method used for detecting a target sequence located in the 23S rRNA showed a good correlation with gold standard methods. Of the samples, H. Three false positive and 13 false negative results were obtained. The fact that PCR is a method prone to contamination, and the possibility of determining H.
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Sign In or Create an Account. Sign In. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents Abstract. Acute respiratory failure in acute heart failure syndromes. Rationale for non-invasive ventilation in acute heart failure. Modalities of non-invasive ventilation. Evidence and recommendations for the use of non-invasive ventilation in acute heart failure syndromes.
Practical aspects. Monitoring non-invasive ventilation. When to stop. Indications and practical approach to non-invasive ventilation in acute heart failure. Josep Masip , Josep Masip.
Corresponding author. Oxford Academic. W Frank Peacock. Susanna Price. Louise Cullen. F Javier Martin-Sanchez. Petar Seferovic. Alan S Maisel.
Oscar Miro. Gerasimos Filippatos. Christiaan Vrints. Michael Christ , Michael Christ. Martin Cowie. Elke Platz. John McMurray. Salvatore DiSomma. Uwe Zeymer. Hector Bueno. Chris P Gale. Maddalena Lettino. Mucio Tavares. Frank Ruschitzka. Alexandre Mebazaa. Veli-Pekka Harjola. Christian Mueller. Revision received:. Select Format Select format. Permissions Icon Permissions. Open in new tab Download slide.
RR, respiratory rate; CT, computer tomography. Open in new tab. RV, right ventricle; LV, left ventricle. Main characteristics. Main indication. Provides ventilatory support Needs expertise and appropriate device. Figure 1. Figure 2. For your back, non-invasive treatments are always the first ones used by your doctor. He may prescribe treatment with a variety of chiropractic manipulation techniques, such as spinal or manual manipulation.
High-velocity low-amplitude HVLA spinal manipulation is another non-invasive treatment used to treat back pain. Physical therapy is yet another non-invasive technique that your doctor may prescribe for you to help heal your back and alleviate pain. Ultrasound uses vibration to heat and encourage circulation in and around your muscles, tendons, and bones. A skilled massage therapist can work wonders on your back, and therapists trained in medical massage are trained to deliver the proper technique to relieve your pain.
Ask your doctor if massage therapy is safe for your back condition.
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